Abbreviations or Term	Short Definitions	Full Definitions or Comments	Misc.
A1	Alpha 1-antitrypsin (also A1AT)	Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is one of the most common serious hereditary disorders in the world and can result in life-threatening lung or liver disease in children and adults. In fact, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is the most common genetic cause of liver disease in children. Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is a protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily. It is generally known as serum trypsin inhibitor. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) because it inhibits a wide variety of proteases. It protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil elastase, and has a reference range in blood of 1.5 - 3.5 gram/liter (in US the reference range is generally expressed as mg/dL or micromoles), but the concentration can rise manyfold upon acute inflammation. In its absence, neutrophil elastase is free to break down elastin, which contributes to the elasticity of the lungs, resulting in respiratory complications such as emphysema, or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in adults and cirrhosis in adults or children.
A1AT	Alpha 1-Antitrypsin	Alpha 1-Antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is a protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily. It is generally known as serum trypsin inhibitor. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) because it inhibits a wide variety of proteases. It protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil elastase, and has a reference range in blood of 1.5 - 3.5 gram/liter (in US the reference range is generally expressed as mg/dL or micromoles), but the concentration can rise manyfold upon acute inflammation. In its absence, neutrophil elastase is free to break down elastin, which contributes to the elasticity of the lungs, resulting in respiratory complications such as emphysema, or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in adults and cirrhosis in adults or children. (also know as the " Vikings disease")	Link
A1PI	Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor	(See A1AT)  Alpha 1-antitrypsin is also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) because it inhibits a wide variety of proteases	Link
A2LA	American Association for Laboratory Accreditation
AA	Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (aka AAS) instrument used to measure concentration of metals in samples
Ab	(see antibody)
ABG	Average Blood gas  (also "Arterial Blood Gas")
ACS	American Chemical Society
Acute Phase Reaction		Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute-phase reaction (also called acute-phase response).  Inflammatory cells and red blood cells In response to injury, local inflammatory cells (neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages) secrete a number of cytokines into the bloodstream, most notable of which are the interleukins IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, and TNF-α.  The liver responds by producing a large number of acute-phase reactants. At the same time, the production of a number of other proteins is reduced; these are, therefore, referred to as "negative" acute-phase reactants. As such, increased acute phase proteins from the liver may also contribute to the promotion of sepsis.
ADA	American Diabetes Association
Addendums		See list attached here  (when numbering the addendum [2 digit TM initials/6 digit date] For Ashley Riley use 3 digit initials (ANR)
AE	Account Executive
Affinity chromatography		Affinity chromatography is a method of separating biochemical mixtures and based on a highly specific interaction such as that between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, or receptor and ligand. The immobile phase is typically a gel matrix, often of agarose; a linear sugar molecule derived from algae.[1] Usually the starting point is an undefined heterogeneous group of molecules in solution, such as a cell lysate, growth medium or blood serum. The molecule of interest will have a well known and defined property which can be exploited during the affinity purification process. The process itself can be thought of as an entrapment, with the target molecule becoming trapped on a solid or stationary phase or medium. The other molecules in solution will not become trapped as they do not possess this property. The solid medium can then be removed from the mixture, washed and the target molecule released from the entrapment in a process known as elution. Possibly the most common use of affinity chromotography is for the purification of recombinant proteins.
AFSSAPS (see new MSNA and /or ANSM)	Agence Francaise de Securite Sanitaire des Produits de Sante	France has created a new agency, the National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (MSNA), to replace its current regulatory agency, Afssaps.
AGE	agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) system	Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
Albumin	(see Serum Albumin, under SPE)	Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin is a globular protein that in humans is encoded by the ALB gene
Alleles		An allele  is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus (generally a group of genes). It is the alternative form of a gene for a character producing different effects. The form "allel" is also used, an abbreviation of allelomorph. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. However, many variations at the genetic level result in little or no observable variation.   Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes, that is, they are diploid. These chromosomes are referred to as homologous chromosomes. Diploid organisms have one copy of each gene (and therefore one allele) on each chromosome. If both alleles are the same, they are homozygotes. If the alleles are different, they are heterozygotes.
Alpha-thalassemia		Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia) is a form of thalassemia involving the genes HBA1  and HBA2.  Alpha-thalassemia is due to impaired production of 1,2,3, or 4 alpha globin chains, leading to a relative excess of beta globin chains. The degree of impairment is based on which clinical phenotype is present (how many chains are affected).
AM	Area Manager
Amino Acids		Amino acids  are biologically important organic compounds made from amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. About 500 amino acids are known which can be classified in many ways. Structurally they can be classified according to the functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, acid/base/neutral, and side chain group type (including: aliphatic, acyclic, hydroxyl or sulphur-containing, aromatic). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second largest component other than water of human muscles, cells and other tissues. Outside proteins, amino acids also perform critical biological roles including neurotransmitters, transport, and in synthesis.	Link
Ampholytes		Ampholytes are small amphoteric molecules with a great buffer capacity.(With a large gradient, the bands will be very closed; with a narrow gradient, the bands will be more separated.) Ampholytes are amphoteric molecules that contain both acidic and basic groups and will exist mostly as zwitterions in a certain range of pH. The pH at which the average charge is zero is known as the molecule's isoelectric point. Ampholytes are used to establish a stable pH gradient for use in isoelectric focusing.
Anaphoresis		Electrophoresis of positively charged particles (cations) is called cataphoresis, while electrophoresis of negatively charged particles (anions) is called anaphoresis
Anions	negatively charged particles	An anion (−) (pron.: /ˈæn.aɪ.ən/ AN-eye-ən), from the Greek word ἄνω (ánō), meaning "up", is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged).
Anode		An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. The direction of electric current is, by convention, opposite to the direction of electron flow. In other words, the electrons flow from the anode into, for example, an electrical circuit. Mnemonic: ACID (Anode Current Into Device).   A widespread misconception is that anode polarity is always positive (+). This is often incorrectly inferred from the correct fact that in all electrochemical devices, negatively charged anions move towards the anode (hence their name) and positively charged cations move away from it. In fact anode polarity depends on the device type, and sometimes even in which mode it operates, as per the above electric current direction-based universal definition. Consequently, as can be seen from the following examples, the anode is positive in a device that consumes power, and the anode is negative in a device that provides power:
ANSM (formerly AFSSAPS and/ or MSNA )	Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament	The French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé – ANSM), was created by the Act of 29 December 2011 relating to the increased safety of medicines and healthcare products, It was implemented on 1 May 2012 following the publication of Decree no. 2012-597 on 27 April 2012. As a public body under the supervision of the Ministry of Health, the ANSM has taken over the tasks of the Afssaps and has been entrusted with new responsibilities. It is funded by a State subsidy. The ANSM conducts expert assessment of healthcare products and acts as a decision-making body in the field of sanitary regulation. Every year, its Director General takes tens of thousands of decisions on behalf of the State. Their aim is to reconcile patient safety with access to therapeutic developments.
Antibody		An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system	Link
Antibody Isotope (see Antibody link)			Link
Types	Name	Antibody Isoptope Descriptions (in Mammals)
2	IgA	Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens.[13] Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk.	IgA
1	IgD	Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.[14] It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.[15]	IgD
1	IgE	Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms.[3]	IgE
4	IgG	In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens.[3] The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus.	IgG
1	IgM	Expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG.[3][14]	IgM
Antigen		An antigen is a substance that evokes the production of one or more antibodies. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen by way of an interaction similar to the fit between a lock and a key. The substance may be from the external environment or formed within the body. The immune system will try to destroy or neutralize any antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. The term originally came from antibody generator[1][2] and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and presented to a T-cell receptor. "Self" antigens are usually tolerated by the immune system, whereas "non-self" antigens can be identified as invaders and can be attacked by the immune system.	Link
Antisera	Plural of Antiserum	Antiserum (plural: antisera) is blood serum containing polyclonal antibodies.  Each Sebia serum sample is mixed with individual antisera that are specific against gamma (IgG), alpha (IgA) and mu (IgM) heavy chains, and kappa and lambda (free and bound) light chains.
APG	Analytical Products Groups (manufacturer of PE Samples)
API Control	Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes	Alkaline phosphatase is a non-specific metalloenzyme which hydrolyzes many types of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH in the presence of zinc and magnesium ions. There are different isoenzymes (gene products) and isoforms (posttranslationally modified gene products). The main use of ALP is as a sensitive indicator of cholestasis in the dog (it will increase before bilirubin), however it is non-specific because corticosteroids (exogenous or endogenous "stress") induce increases in this enzyme. In the cat, ALP is a very specific indicator of liver disease, whereas in large animals, the enzyme is not very useful as it is insensitive, cholestatic disorders are infrequent, and reference intervals are quite broad
Area	East or West United States
Assays		An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, pharmacology, environmental biology, and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence or amount or the functional activity of a target entity (the analyte) which can be a drug or biochemical substance or a cell in an organism or organic sample.[1][2] The measured entity is generally called the analyte, or the measurand or the target of the assay. The assay usually aims to measure an intensive property of the analyte and express it in the relevant measurement unit (e.g. molarity, density, functional activity in enzyme international units, degree of some effect in comparison to a standard, etc.).   If the assay involves addition of exogenous reactants (the reagents), their quantities are kept fixed (or in excess) so that the quantity (and quality) of the target is the only limiting factor for the reaction/assay process, and the difference in the assay outcome is used to deduce the unknown quality or quantity of the target in question. Some assays (e.g., biochemical assays) may be similar to or have overlap with chemical analysis and titration. But generally assays involve biological material or phenomena which tend to be intrinsically more complex either in composition or in behavior or both. Thus reading of an assay may be quite noisy and may involve greater difficulties in interpretation than an accurate chemical titration. On the other hand older generation qualitative assays especially bioassays may be much more gross and less quantitative (e.g., counting death or dysfunction of an organism or cells in a population, or some descriptive change in some body part of a group of animals).
Protein Assays	Protein, Protein β1-β2, High Resolution, Proteinuria
Immunofixation Assays	Immunofixation, IF Penta, Bence Jones, CSF, CSF Isoelectric Focusing, Urine profile
Hemoglobin Assays	Alkaline Hb, Acid Hb
Isoenzymes & Lipoproteins	Lipoproteins, Lipoprotein + Pl(a), LDL/HDL Cholesterol Direct, ISO-LDH, ISO-CK, Alkaline Phosphatase
AST	aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	Aspartate transaminase (AST), also called aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT/ASAT/AAT) or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.1). AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells, and it is commonly measured clinically as a marker for liver health.
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Materials
β	Greek letter B (Beta)	Beta (UK /ˈbiːtə/ or US /ˈbeɪtə/; uppercase Β, lowercase β; Greek: Βήτα Bḗta) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In Ancient Greek, beta represented the voiced bilabial plosive /b/. In Modern Greek, it represents the voiced labiodental fricative /v/.   The letter Beta was derived from the Phoenician letter Beth . Letters that arose from Beta include the Roman letter ⟨B⟩ and the Cyrillic letters ⟨Б⟩ and ⟨В⟩.   In the system of Greek numerals Beta has a value of 2.
B-cells		B cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, making them a vital part of the immune system -- specifically the humoral immunity branch of the adaptive immune system. B cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as T cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a protein on the B cell's outer surface known as a B cell receptor (BCR). This specialized receptor protein allows a B cell to bind to a specific antigen.
BCR	B cell receptor	The B-cell receptor or BCR is a transmembrane receptor protein located on the outer surface of B-cells. The receptor's binding moiety is composed of a membrane-bound antibody that, like all antibodies, has a unique and randomly-determined antigen-binding site. When a B-cell is activated by its first encounter with an antigen that binds to its receptor (its "cognate antigen"), the cell proliferates and differentiates to generate a population of antibody-secreting plasma B cells and memory B cells. The B cell receptor (BCR) has two crucial functions upon interaction with Ag. One function is signal transduction, involving changes in receptor oligomerization. The second function is to mediate internalization for subsequent processing of Ag and presentation of peptides to helper T cells. BCR functions are required for normal antibody production, and defects in BCR signal transduction may lead to immunodeficency, auto-immunity and B-cell malignancy.	Link
Beta-thalassemia		Beta-thalassemias (β-thalassemias) are a group of inherited blood disorders caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin resulting in variable phenotypes ranging from severe anemia to clinically asymptomatic individuals. The total annual incidence of symptomatic individuals is estimated at 1 in 100,000 throughout the world[citation needed][dubious – discuss]. Three main forms have been described: thalassemia major, thalassemia intermedia and thalassemia minor. Individuals with beta thalassemia major usually present within the first two years of life with severe anemia, poor growth, and skeletal abnormalities during infancy. Affected children will require regular lifelong blood transfusions. Beta thalassemia intermedia is less severe than beta thalassemia major and may require episodic blood transfusions. Transfusion-dependent patients will develop iron overload and require chelation therapy to remove the excess iron. Bone marrow transplants can be curative for some children with beta thalassemia major. Transmission is autosomal recessive; however, dominant mutations have also been reported. Genetic counseling is recommended and prenatal diagnosis may be offered.
BFB	4-Bromofluorobenzene
BJ (protein)	Bence Jones protein	A Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine, with a molecular weight of 22-24 kDa.  Detection of Bence Jones protein may be suggestive of multiple myeloma or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.   Bence Jones proteins are particularly diagnostic of multiple myeloma in the context of end-organ manifestations such as renal failure, lytic (or "punched out") bone lesions, anemia, or large numbers of plasma cells in the bone marrow of patients. Bence Jones proteins are present in 2/3 of multiple myeloma cases.
BNA	Base Neutral Acid organic compounds (aka SOC or SVOCs)
BOD	Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BTEX/BETX	Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes
Buffer		The buffer contains ions which allow for the electricity to actually pass through the apparatus. Distilled water doesn't contain the electrolytes (salts and ions) needed to conduct electricity
CAP	College of American Pathologists	The College of American Pathologists ("CAP"), is a medical society serving more than 18,000 physician members and the laboratory community throughout the world. It is headquartered in Northfield, Illinois.
Capillary	Silica capillary in thermo-conductive resin [Arc-device used in CE (Capillary Electrophoresis)]	Capy2 and Capy2 Flex have 8 silica capillaries and the Minicap has 2
Capillarys		Sebia Capillarys system, C2, Cappy2, (smaller version = MiniCap) Both now come in Flex Piercing models
CARB	California Air Resources Board
Carbamylation		Isocyanic acid reacts with amines to give ureas (carbamides):  HNCO + RNH2 → RNHC(O)NH2. This reaction is called carbamylation. Carbamylation occurs in noirmal individiuals, but in a much higher degree in patients with reduced kidney function and elevated serum urea levels.
carbohydrate-deficient transferrin	(see CDT)
CAS Number	Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number
Cataphoresis		Electrophoresis of positively charged particles (cations) is called cataphoresis, while electrophoresis of negatively charged particles (anions) is called anaphoresis
Cations	Positively charged Particles	A cation (+) (pron.: /ˈkæt.aɪ.ən/ KAT-eye-ən), from the Greek word κατά (katá), meaning "down", is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.
CBC	Complete Blood Count	also known as full blood count (FBC) or full blood exam (FBE) or blood panel, is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood. A scientist or lab technician performs the requested testing and provides the requesting medical professional with the results of the CBC.
CCB	Continuing Calibration Blank sample
CCC	Continuing Calibration Check sample
CCV	Continuing Calibration Verification sample
CDT	Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (see also desialotransferrin (DST)	Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a laboratory test used to help detect heavy ethanol consumption. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is elevated in the blood of heavy alcoholism but raised levels can also be found in a number of medical conditions. The limitations of the assay depend upon the methodology of the test. HPLC (High Performance Liquid chromatography) can detect certain genetic variants and potential liver diseases affecting CDT. The CAPILLARYS CDT kit is designed for the separation of human serum transferrin isoforms in alkaline buffer (pH 8.8) with the CAPILLARYS System. Normal serum transferrin isoforms separate on CAPILLARYS into 5 major fractions according to their sialylation level : asialotransferrin (non sialylated), disialotransferrin, trisialotransferrin, tetrasialotransferrin and pentasialotransferrin. The low-sialylated isoforms (disialotransferrin associated with asialotransferrin in some cases) constitute CDT (Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin) which is a marker of chronic alcohol abuse. The CAPILLARYS performs all sequences automatically to obtain a complete transferrin profile for quantitative analysis of CDT. The transferrin isoforms, separated in silica capillaries, are directly detected at an absorbance of 200 nm. Direct detection provides accurate relative quantification of individual CDT fraction.
CE	Capillary Electrophoresis	Separates hemoglobin based on charge and isoelectric point.   Also known as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), can be used to separate ionic species by their charge and frictional forces and hydrodynamic radius. In traditional electrophoresis, electrically charged analytes move in a conductive liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. Introduced in the 1960s, the technique of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was designed to separate species based on their size to charge ratio in the interior of a small capillary filled with an electrolyte.
CFC	Chlorofluorocarbon
CFU	Colony-Forming Unit
Chains:	(See Immunoglobulins)	Structurally, normal immunoglobulins (abbreviated Ig) are composed of smaller units called heavy chains and light chains, and together they form a large complex (see Figure 1). There are five types of heavy chains, and each type is assigned a specific
Light	(See Immunoglobulins)
Heavy	(See Immunoglobulins)
CLP	Contract Laboratory Program (through USEPA)
COC	Chain-of-Custody
COD	Chemical Oxygen Demand
COI	Certificate of Liability Insurance	Filed indepenently of scanned contracts.  (who files these?)
Competitors	Sebia competitors list	outlook:\\Sebia-USA\Sales\Competitors  (list of competitors and links to their websites)(Link to their products can be found at   outlook:\\Sebia-USA\Sales\Products  )
Concordance Study	(Validation)	All that is needed if Calibration has already been performed
Control(s)
Hb AFSC	Hemoglobin Controls	Hb AFSC Control provides excellent resolution of normal hemoglobins A & F and abnormal hemoglobins S & C. The control is designed for use with Sebia's Hydragel® Hemoglobin and Hydragel® Acid Hemoglobin assays.
HbA1c	Hemoglobin A1c Control	is an important blood test used to determine how well your diabetes is being controlled
HbA2 - Normal	Hemoglobin Normal Hb A2 Control	Hb A2 Normal Control used as Quality Control on Capillarys
HbA2 - Pathological	Hemoglobin Pathological Hb A2 Control	Hb A2 Pathological Control used as Quality Control on Capillarys
Normal	Protein Control	Controls are designed to be run on either agarose gels or Sebia's CAPILLARYS™ 2 system.
Hypergamma	Protein Control	Controls are designed to be run on either agarose gels or Sebia's CAPILLARYS™ 2 system.
Normal CDT Control	CDT Controls -Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)	used to help detect heavy ethanol consumption.
Pathological CDT Control	CDT Controls - Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)	used to help detect heavy ethanol consumption.
A1AT Controls	Alpha-1 antitrypsin	(1 normal vial + 2 pathological vials)
Enzyme Control	(LDH & CK) Creatine Kinase & lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes	provides a clear separation of the five lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes commonly found in serum
Molecular Weight Control
API Control	Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes
CSF Control	Cerebrospinal fluid
Coomassie blue stain		Coomassie Brilliant Blue is the name of two similar triphenylmethane dyes that were developed for use in the textile industry but are now commonly used for staining proteins in analytical biochemistry. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 differs from Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 by the addition of two methyl groups. The name "Coomassie" is a registered trademark of Imperial Chemical Industries	Link
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), chronic airflow limitation (CAL) and chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD), is the occurrence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways narrow over time. This limits airflow to and from the lungs, causing shortness of breath (dyspnea). In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests. In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. In England, an estimated 842,100 of 50 million people have a diagnosis of COPD.   COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly from tobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung.	Link
CP	Capital Purchase	Direct Purchase
CPT Codes	Current Procedural Terminology (Medicare charge codes)	CPT code to ICD-9 code-pairs you need to ensure clean claims and compliance with Medicare's medical necessity requirements. (see Codemap)
CRM	Customer relationship management	Sebia uses Microsoft Dynamics CRM (accessed via Outlook or through web-based version at this link. Outlook version is easier!)
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid	Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear colorless bodily fluid produced in the choroid plexus of the brain. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull and serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.
CSR	Customer Service Rep.	Cynthia Baker / LaQuinta Simmons
CTD	Cumulative trauma disorder	(Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a type of…)
DBA	Doing Business As
DCCT	Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)
DCM	Dichloromethane (aka Methylene Chloride)
DEC	Department of Environmental Conservation
DEQ	Department of Environmental Quality
Destain Solution		The gels are first stained by the dye and then you use a destainer to remove the excess dye from the gel. the stain is removed from the gel by equilibrium diffusion. by having a matrix present which will adsorb stain from solution (the tissues, kimwipes, cotton, sponge, charcoal, etc) you are not allowing the equilibrium to be attained. so the stain continues to exit the gel (the stain bound to your proteins are minimally affected by the destaining). you use less destaining solution and speed up the process.  This treatment allows the visualization of protein bands. The gel usually contains a set of molecular weight marker (proteins of pre-determined weight) so that protein molecular weight can be estimated in an unknown solution during the visualization.
DHS	Department of Health Services
Diploid		Most eukaryotes have two matching sets of chromosomes; that is, they are diploid. Diploid organisms have the same genes on each of their two sets of homologous chromosomes, except that the sequences of these genes may differ between the two chromosomes in a matching pair and that a few chromosomes may be mismatched as part of a sex-determination system. If both alleles of a diploid organism are the same, the organism is homozygous for the trait. If they are different, the organism is heterozygous for that trait. If one allele is missing, it is hemizygous, and, if both alleles are missing, it is nullizygous.
DNA (Analysis)	Deoxyribonucleic acid	After it has been fragmented and copied through RFLP or PCR, the DNA sample undergoes electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is a process by which the fragments of the DNA sample are separated and identified. There are two forms of electrophoresis typically used in DNA testing: gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis.
DOE	Department of Ecology (state or federal)
DOH	Department of Health
DRA	Deficite Reduction Act
DST	desialotransferrin (DST) (see CDT definition)
DUNS	Dunn & Bradstreet Number	Sebia's is 02-099-1787
Dynamic		Aligning the mask
EASD	European Association for the Study of Diabetes
EIN	Employer Identification Number (EIN)	Employer Identification Number (EIN) is also known as a Federal Tax Identification Number, and is used to identify a business entity. Generally, businesses need an EIN. You may apply for an EIN in various ways, and now you may apply online. You must check with your state to determine if you need a state number or charter.
ELAP	Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program
Electrofosucing Electrophoresis	(also known as Isoelectric focusing (IEF)	Isoelectric focusing (IEF), also known as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating different molecules by differences in their isoelectric point (pI). It is a type of zone electrophoresis, usually performed on proteins in a gel, that takes advantage of the fact that overall charge on the molecule of interest is a function of the pH of its surroundings. HYDRASYS FOCUSING Assay Menu  Contains a high voltage module for IEF capabilities
Electrophoresis	(ELP) (applications: serum, urine, CSF Cerebrospinal fluid, saliva)	Electrophoresis is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. The application of a constant electric field caused clay particles dispersed in water to migrate. It is ultimately caused by the presence of a charged interface between the particle surface and the surrounding fluid. Electrophoresis of positively charged particles (cations) is called cataphoresis, while electrophoresis of negatively charged particles (anions) is called anaphoresis Types: (Serum & urine) Gel (agarose), Capillary, SDS-Page, electrofocusing
ELP	(see Electrophoresis )
EOF	Electroosmotic Flow	synonymous with electroosmosis or electroendosmosis) is the motion of liquid induced by an applied potential across a porous material, capillary tube, membrane, microchannel, or any other fluid conduit. Because electroosmotic velocities are independent of conduit size, as long as the double layer is much smaller than the characteristic length scale of the channel, electroosmotic flow is most significant when in small channels. Electroosmotic flow is an essential component in chemical separation techniques, notably capillary electrophoresis. Electroosmotic flow can occur in natural unfiltered water, as well as buffered solutions.
EPA	U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (aka USEPA)
EPCRA	Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act
Epitope		An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope. Although epitopes are usually non-self proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized are also epitopes.   The epitopes of protein antigens are divided into two categories, conformational epitopes and linear epitopes, based on their structure and interaction with the paratope. A conformational epitope is composed of discontinuous sections of the antigen's amino acid sequence. These epitopes interact with the paratope based on the 3-D surface features and shape or tertiary structure of the antigen. Most epitopes are conformational
ERA	Environmental Resource Associates
EV	Evaluation
EVA	Electrophoresis Value Analysis	Sebia Sales tool (see video from main link)
FAA	Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
FASB	FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD	The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a private, not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose is to develop generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) within the United States in the public's interest. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) designated the FASB as the organization responsible for setting accounting standards for public companies in the U.S. It was created in 1973, replacing the Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) and the Accounting Principles Board (APB) of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
FBC	Full blood Count	(See CBC)
FBE	Full Blood Exam	(See CBC)
FDA	Food & Drug Administration
FF	Fixed Fee	Instrument Rental - Fixed Fee Agreement Terms & Conditions
FIA	Flow Injection Analysis
FID	Flame Ionization Detector
FIFRA	Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act
Fixative Solution		All fixatives operate by causing precipitation of the protein by converting it to an insoluble form. The most commonly used fixatives are solutions of short chain alcohols and acetic acid in water. The combination of low pH and high organic solvent content disrupts the hydrogen bonding which holds protein structures together, and exposes hydrophobic portions of the protein core. The result is an uncoiling of the peptide chain, followed by an essentially irreversible association between chains, producing a high molecular weight complex which is trapped inside the gel. This family of fixatives is cheap and relatively nonhazardous (depending on the alcohol used), and has the additional advantage that many stains are soluble in the fixative. This allows the combination of fixing and staining in one step. The only major drawback is that these solutions are only moderately denaturing, and may not fully fix small or unusually soluble proteins.
FLC	Free Light Chains (see immunoglobulin "light chains")	Human immunoglobulin molecules consist of two identical heavy chains which define immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) and identical light chains (kappa or lambda) that are covalently linked to a heavy chain. In healthy individuals, the majority of light chains in serum exist bound to heavy chain. However, low levels of free light chains (FLCs) are found in serum of normal individuals due to their excess production over heavy chains by mature B-cells. In serum, FLC kappa exists predominantly as a monomer with a molecular weight of 22.5 kDa and FLC lambda as a dimer with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. This size difference results in a differential glomerular filtration rate and, consequently, a ratio of FLC kappa to FLC lambda of 1:1.6 in serum.
FMVL	Fair Market Value Lease
Focusing		With the FOCUSING option, the agarose gel electrophoresis systems are also equipped with a high-voltage module allowing for isoelectric focusing (IEF) testing to be performed.
FR	Federal Register
FSE	Field Service Engineer
FSS	Federal Supply Schedule
GAO	General Accounting Office
GC	Gas Chromatography
GC/MS	Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
GE	Gel electrophoresis	Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
Gel	(see Media)
Gel electrophoresis		Primarily used to separate proteins – the chemicals that make up cell and organ structure, as well as carry out reactions like breaking down food and fighting off diseases – according to their size, electric charge, and other physical properties. An electric current is used to move the protein particles across a span of gel, which functions as a solid phase in which the proteins migrate. The identification of proteins in a person’s blood, urine or CSF sample is particularly useful to those in the medical field, as the clinical data obtained from gel electrophoresis helps identify and diagnose disease and abnormalities. Gel electrophoresis can be performed primarily using one of two materials as the gel base, agarose or polyacrylamide. At Sebia, we specialize in agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose can be extracted from seaweed and holds several advantages over polyacrylamide, the primary reasons being because of the speed in which samples can be processed and the relative permanent nature of the gel once processing is complete	Link
GENOTYPE		The genetic identity of an individual that does not show as outward characteristics. The genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual (i.e. the specific allele makeup of the individual) usually with reference to a specific character under consideration.[1] For instance, the human CFTR gene, which encodes a protein that transports chloride ions across cell membranes, can be dominant (A) as the normal version of the gene, or recessive (a) as a mutated version of the gene. Individuals receiving two recessive alleles will be diagnosed with Cystic fibrosis. It is generally accepted that inherited genotype, transmitted epigenetic factors, and non-hereditary environmental variation contribute to the phenotype of an individual.   Non-hereditary DNA mutations are not classically understood as representing the individual's genotype. Hence, scientists and physicians sometimes talk for example about the (geno)type of a particular cancer, that is the genotype of the disease as distinct from the diseased	Link
GFAA	Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
GHb	Glycohemoglobin	Hb having one or more sugars irreversibly attached at any pint of the globin chains.
Globulins		In blood, the serum (UK /ˈsɪərəm/ or US /ˈsɪrəm/) is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma with the fibrinogens removed. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs and microorganisms). The study of serum is serology, and may also include proteomics. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests, as well as in blood typing. Blood is centrifuged to remove cellular components. Anti-coagulated blood yields plasma containing fibrinogen and clotting factors. Coagulated blood (clotted blood) yields serum without fibrinogen, although some clotting factors remain. Serum is an essential factor for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells in combination with the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor
Glomerular proteinuria		the most common kind of proteinuria, caused by glomerular disease and abnormal permeability of the glomerular capillaries to protein.
GP Percentage	Gross Profit Percentage	Calculate gross profit by taking total gross or sales revenue, minus total sales costs or cost of goods. If you sell your product for $10 and it costs you $4 to manufacture (known as cost of goods) or $4 to buy wholesale, your gross profit is $6. Divide your gross profit by your gross sales revenue to get your gross profit percentage. Using the example in Step 2, you would divide your gross profit of $6 by your revenue of $10, for a 60 percent gross profit. Note that the gross profit percentage is profit before operating expenses, such as paying salaries and turning on the lights.
GPO	Group purchasing organization
Hb or Hgb	Hemoglobin	Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates  (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen to burn nutrients to provide energy to power the functions of the organism, and collects the resultant carbon dioxide to bring it back to the respiratory organs to be dispensed from the organism
HbA1c	Hemoglobin A - Glycosylated haemoglobin molecule	The hemoglobin A1c test -- also called HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin test, or glycohemoglobin -- is an important blood test used to determine how well your diabetes is being controlled Sebia uses the same calculation formula as the IFCC Reference Method HbA1c = HbA1c / (HbA1c + HbA0)
HbA2		Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) is a normal variant of hemoglobin A that consists of two alpha and two delta chains (α2δ2) and is found in small quantity in normal human blood. Hemoglobin A2 may be increased in beta thalassemia or to people who are heterozygous to beta thalassemia gene.   HbA2 exists in small amounts in all adult humans (1.5-3.1% of all hemoglobin molecules). Its biological importance is not yet known.
Hb-Barts	Hemoglobin Barts	Hemoglobin Barts consists of four gamma chains. It is moderately insoluble, and therefore accumulates in the red blood cells. It has an extremely high affinity for oxygen, resulting in almost no oxygen delivery to the tissues. It is produced in the disease alpha-thalassemia and in the most severe of cases, it is the only form of haemoglobin in circulation. In this situation, a fetus will develop hydrops fetalis and normally die before or shortly after birth, unless intrauterine blood transfusion is performed.   Since Hemoglobin Barts is elevated in alpha thalassaemia, it can be measured, providing a useful screening test for this disease in some populations.   This variant of hemoglobin is so called as it was discovered at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. The hospital has the fond sobriquet, St. Barts, and the hemoglobin was named hemoglobin Barts.
HbC	Hemoglobin C	Hemoglobin C (abbreviated as Hb C or HbC) is an abnormal hemoglobin in which substitution of a glutamic acid residue with a lysine residue at the 6th position of the β-globin chain has occurred (E6K substitution).[
HbD-Punjab		There are two groups of Haemoglobin D, the DPunjab and DNon-Punjab. It is one of the many hundreds of unusual haemoglobins found in humans. It is not infectious and it is not catching. The person with Haemoglobin D trait does not have an illness, will not experience any symptoms and his or her health is not affected; this is why a person with Haemoglobin D trait will not know that they carry this unusual haemoglobin unless they have had a special blood test or when they have a child who is later found to have a disease which has been inherited from both parents. In terms of the carrier state both types of Haemoglobin D trait (Hb ADPunjab and Hb ADNon-Punjab) are the same in that they do not affect the individual’s health. However in terms of their offspring the type of Haemoglobin D is important, when combined with the haemoglobin that their partner passes on to their children; this will determine whether their children can inherit a serious disease or not
HbE	Hemoglobin E	Hemoglobin E or haemoglobin E (HbE) is an abnormal hemoglobin with a single point mutation in the β chain. At position 26 there is a change in the amino acid, from glutamic acid to lysine. HbE is one of the most common variant of normal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin E can be detected on electrophoresis. This hemoglobin variant is very common in Southeast Asia and it has a low frequency in black and white people.Hemoglobin E or haemoglobin E (HbE) is an abnormal hemoglobin with a single point mutation in the β chain. At position 26 there is a change in the amino acid, from glutamic acid to lysine. HbE is one of the most common variant of normal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin E can be detected on electrophoresis. This hemoglobin variant is very common in Southeast Asia and it has a low frequency in black and white people.
HbF	Fetal  hemoglobin (foetal haemoglobin)	Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin, (also hemoglobin F or HbF) is the main oxygen transport protein in the fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and in the newborn until roughly 6 months old. Functionally, fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother's bloodstream.   In newborns, fetal hemoglobin is nearly completely replaced by adult hemoglobin by approximately 6 months postnatally. In adults, fetal hemoglobin production can be reactivated pharmacologically, which is useful in the treatment of diseases such as sickle-cell disease.
HbG-Philadelphia		Hemoglobin G Philadelphia (Hb G-Phil) is an chain variant which is often associated with deletion thalassemia of the cis (linked) gene. The frequency is increased in African Americans, making this the most common gene variant in this population. The electrophoretic mobility is the same as Hb S on cellulose acetate, causing occasional misdiagnosis of sickle trait. This hemoglobin variant has no clinical consequences. Individuals should be reassured that there are no clinical problems.
HbH	Hemoglobin Hasharon (α247 his(CD5)β2)	Hemoglobin Hasharon (α247 his(CD5)β2) was found to comprise only 16-19% of hemolysates of carriers. These heterozygotes appeared to have mild, compensated, hemolytic anemia. Hb Hasharon was more heat-labile than hemoglobins A, S, or C. Its specific activity was higher than that of Hb A after administration of 59Fe to two carriers. When hemoglobin synthesis by bone marrow cells was studied in vitro, about 18% of incorporated leucine appeared in the Hb Hasharon fraction. It is suggested that Hb Hasharon is unstable in vivo, and that mild hemolytic anemia and a relatively small decrease in its concentration in hemolysates result from its denaturation within red cells. Decreased synthesis, which appears to be the major cause of the small amount of abnormal hemoglobin, may protect heterozygotes from clinically significant hemolytic anemia.
HbJ		There are at least 58 hemoglobins designated Hb J by electrophoretic mobility (fast band) on cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The vast majority of these are of no clinical significance. There are 6 that are unstable and Hb J-Cape Town has increased oxygen affinity. The potential for interaction with Hb S is not defined. The electrophoretic pattern observed may vary significantly depending on whether the α or ß chain is involved in the mutation and with the stability of the J variant. Hb J-Baltimore is the most common found in Northern Europeans and some African Americans. Most have no clinical significance and extensive testing and counseling is not generally indicated. Extended testing at a reference laboratory may be indicated if erythrocytosis (high hemoglobin) or anemia is present.
Hb-Korle-Bu		Hemoglobin (Hb) Korle-Bu (beta73; Asp-Asn) is the most frequent of the rare beta-chain variants in the population of West Africa whereas Hb E (beta26; Glu-Lys) is common among the Southeast Asian population. We report a hitherto undescribed condition in which these two beta-chain variants co-segregate. The proband was a 19-year-old Thai pregnant woman in her second trimester of pregnancy who visited our thalassemia screening unit. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of Hb detected one abnormal Hb in addition to the Hb E. Analysis of DNA sequences revealed a GAT-AAT mutation at codon 73 in trans to a GAG-AAG mutation at codon 26 of the beta-globin gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the alpha-globin gene cluster of the patient detected a 3.7-kb deletional alpha-thalassemia 2. Family study identified that her mother had the same genotype and her father was a simple Hb E carrier. The hematological data of these unusual cases of hemoglobinopathy are presented and compared with a simple heterozygote for Hb Korle-Bu found in another unrelated Thai family. beta-Globin gene haplotype linked to the Thai beta(Korle-Bu) and a simple DNA assay based on allele-specific PCR for rapid diagnosis of Hb Korle-Bu are also described.
HbN		This group of 6 fast hemoglobins has electrophoretic mobility between Hb J and Hb H on cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Hb N-Baltimore is the most prevalent N hemoglobin in African Americans. There are no associated hematological abnormalities and counseling is not indicated.
HbO - Arab	Hemoglobin O - Arab	Hemoglobin O-Arab has significance in sickle syndromes because it interacts with Hb S to produce clinical manifestations approaching the severity of Hb SS disease. The amino acid substitution is lysine for glutamic acid in the 121 position.These hemoglobins occur in individuals from North Africa, Arabia, Bulgaria, and the eastern Mediterranean area. Counseling of carriers is indicated because of the potential for interaction with Hb S and thalassemia producing significant disease.
HbS-C	hemoglobin SC disease (sickle-cell)	Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia (or anemia) (SCA) or drepanocytosis, is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with overdominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Life expectancy is shortened. In 1994, in the US, the average life expectancy of persons with this condition was estimated to be 42 years in males and 48 years in females,[1] but today, thanks to better management of the disease, patients can live into their 50s or beyond.[2]   Sickle-cell disease occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions where malaria is or was common. In areas where malaria is common, there is a fitness benefit in carrying only a single sickle-cell gene (sickle cell trait). Those with only one of the two alleles of the sickle-cell disease, while not totally resistant, are more tolerant to the infection and thus show less severe symptoms when infected.[3]
HECD/ELCE	Hall Electrolytic Conductivity Detector
Hemaglobin		Hemoglobin (pron.: /hiːməˈɡloʊbɪn/; also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates[1] (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae[2]) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen to burn nutrients to provide energy to power the functions of the organism, and collects the resultant carbon dioxide to bring it back to the respiratory organs to be dispensed from the organism.   In mammals, the protein makes up about 97% of the red blood cells' dry content, and around 35% of the total content (including water).[3] Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity of 1.34 mL O2 per gram of hemoglobin,[4] which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood. The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind (carry) up to four oxygen molecules.[5]   Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: it carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 10% of the total) as carbaminohemoglobin, in which CO2 is bound to the globin protein. The molecule also carries the important regulatory molecule nitric oxide bound to a globin protein thiol group, releasing it at the same time as oxygen.[6]
HEME		A heme (American English) or haem (British English) is a chemical compound of a type known as a prosthetic group consisting of an iron ion contained in the centre of a large heterocyclic organic ring called a porphyrin. Not all porphyrins contain iron, but a substantial fraction of porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic group; these are known as hemoproteins. Hemes are most commonly recognized in their presence as components of hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood, but they are also components of a number of other hemoproteins. Hemoproteins have diverse biological functions including the transportation of diatomic gases, chemical catalysis, diatomic gas detection, and electron transfer. The heme iron serves as a source or sink of electrons during electron transfer or redox chemistry. In peroxidase reactions, the porphyrin molecule also serves as an electron source. In the transportation or detection of diatomic gases, the gas binds to the heme iron. During the detection of diatomic gases, the binding of the gas ligand to the heme iron induces conformational changes in the surrounding protein.
Hemoglobinopathy	Hemoglobinopathy Screening	Hemoglobinopathy is a kind of genetic defect that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule.  Hemoglobinopathies are inherited single-gene disorders; in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal co-dominant traits. Common hemoglobinopathies include sickle-cell disease. It is estimated that 7% of world's population (420 million) are carriers, with 60% of total and 70% pathological being in Africa. Hemoglobinopathies are most common in ethnic populations from Africa, the Mediterranean basin and Southeast Asia.
hemolysate		The end-product of hemolysis,  (the liberation of hemoglobin, consisting of separation of the hemoglobin from the red cells and its appearance in the plasma.hemolyt´ic) (blood mixed with hemolysing solution=hemolysate)
Hemolysis		Hemolysis is the bursting of red blood cells (hemo- blood and lysis- bursting). There are three types of solutions that blood can be put into: hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic. The names of these give you some clue as to how the cell will behave in solution. (Sebia uses isotonic solutions)
Hemolyzing Solution		There are three types of solutions that blood can be put into: hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic. The names of these give you some clue as to how the cell will behave in solution. Hypertonic solutions have greater osmotic pressure than the cells they contain, which will cause the cell to shrivel as its contents diffuse into the solution. Hypotonic solutions have less osmotic pressure than the cells inside of them, so the contents of solution will diffuse across the cell membrane and into the cell, eventually causing it to swell and burst (hemolysis). Isotonic solutions have osmotic pressure equal to that of the solutes they contain, so no net change is observed. (Sebia uses isotonic solutions)
Heterozygous		If both alleles of a diploid organism are the same, the organism is homozygous for the trait. If they are different, the organism is heterozygous for that trait. If one allele is missing, it is hemizygous, and, if both alleles are missing, it is nullizygous. A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles of a gene.  Heterozygous genotypes are represented by a capital letter (representing the dominant allele) and a lowercase letter (representing the recessive allele), such as "Rr" or "Ss". The capital letter is usually written first.   If the trait in question is determined by simple (complete) dominance, a heterozygote will express only the trait coded by the dominant allele, and the trait coded by the recessive allele will not be present. In more complex dominance schemes the results of heterozygosity can be more complex.
HIPPA	Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	These Privacy Rule standards address the use and disclosure of individuals’ health information—called “protected health information” by organizations subject to the Privacy Rule — called “covered entities,” as well as standards for individuals' privacy rights to understand and control how their health information is used.
Homozygous		If both alleles of a diploid organism are the same, the organism is homozygous for the trait. If they are different, the organism is heterozygous for that trait. If one allele is missing, it is hemizygous, and, if both alleles are missing, it is nullizygous. A cell is said to be homozygous for a particular gene when identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes.The cell or organism in question is called a homozygote. True breeding organisms are always homozygous for the traits that are to be held constant.
HP	Hewlett-Packard (mfg. GC instruments)
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography	High-performance liquid chromatography (sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), HPLC, is a chromatographic technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in analytical chemistry and biochemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying and purifying the individual components of the mixture. HPLC is also considered an instrumentation technique of analytical chemistry, instead of a gravitimetric technique.
HPLC	High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Hypochromic	MCH   (see also Microcytic)	Hypochromic anemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal. (Hypo- refers to less, and chromic means color.) A normal red blood cell will have an area of pallor in the center of it; in hypochromic cells, this area of central pallor is increased. This decrease in redness is due to a disproportionate reduction of red cell hemoglobin (the pigment that imparts the red color) in proportion to the volume of the cell. In many cases, the red blood cells will also be small (microcytic), leading to substantial overlap with the category of microcytic anemia. The most common causes of this kind of anemia are iron deficiency and thalassemia.   Hypochromic anemia was historically known as chlorosis or green sickness for the distinct skin tinge sometimes present in patients, in addition to more general symptoms such as a lack of energy, shortness of breath, dyspepsia, headaches, a capricious or scanty appetite and amenorrhea.
I.E. vs E.G.		"I.e." stands simply for "that is," which written out fully in Latin is 'id est'. "I.e." is used in place of "in other words," or "it/that is." It specifies or makes more clear. "E.g." means "for example" and comes from the Latin expression exempli gratia, "for the sake of an example," with the noun exemplum in the genitive (possessive case) and singular to go with gratia in the ablative (prepositional case) singular. "E.g." is used in expressions similar to "including," when you are not intending to list everything that is being discussed.
IC	Ion Chromatography
ICB	Initial Calibration Blank sample
ICP-AES	Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (aka ICPAES)
ICP-MS	Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Icteric	(see also jaundice)	Jaundice (also known as icterus;[1] from the Greek word ίκτερος, attributive adjective: icteric) is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae (whites of the eyes), and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in the blood). This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of bilirubin in the extracellular fluid. Concentration of bilirubin in blood plasma does not normally exceed 1 mg/dL (>17µmol/L). A concentration higher than 1.8 mg/dL (>30µmol/L) leads to jaundice.[2] The term jaundice comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow
ICV	Initial Calibration Verification sample
IDF	International Diabetes Federation
Idiotype		In immunology, an idiotype is a shared characteristic between a group of immunoglobulin or T cell receptor (TCR) molecules based upon the antigen binding specificity and therefore structure of their variable region. The variable region of antigen receptors of T cells (TCRs) and B cells (immunoglobulins) contains a complementarity determining region (CDR) with a unique amino acid structure that determines the antigen specificity of the receptor. The structure formed by the CDR is known as the idiotope. Immunoglobulins or TCRs with a shared idiotope are the same idiotype. Antibody idiotype is determined by  Gene rearrangement  Junctional diversity  P-nucleotides (palindromic nucleotides at sites of single-strand breaks)  N-nucleotides  Somatic hypermutations  The term idiotype is sometimes used to describe the collection of multiple idiotopes, and therefore overall antigen binding capacity, possessed by an antibody	Link
IE	(see Immunoelectrophoresis)
IEC	Ion-exchange chromatography
IEF	Isoelectrofocusing (see electrofocusing)	IEF involves adding an ampholyte solution into immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels. IPGs are the acrylamide gel matrix co-polymerized with the pH gradient, which result in completely stable gradients except the most alkaline (>12) pH values. The immobilized pH gradient is obtained by the continuous change in the ratio of Immobilines. An Immobiline is a weak acid or base defined by its pK value.  A protein that is in a pH region below its isoelectric point (pI) will be positively charged and so will migrate towards the CATHODE(negative). As it migrates through a gradient of increasing pH, however, the protein's overall charge will decrease until the protein reaches the pH region that corresponds to its pI. At this point it has no net charge and so migration ceases (as there is no electrical attraction towards either electrode). As a result, the proteins become focused into sharp stationary bands with each protein positioned at a point in the pH gradient corresponding to its pI. The technique is capable of extremely high resolution with proteins differing by a single charge being fractionated into separate bands. Molecules to be focused are distributed over a medium that has a pH gradient (usually created by aliphatic ampholytes). An electric current is passed through the medium, creating a "positive" anode and "negative" cathode end. Negatively charged molecules migrate through the pH gradient in the medium toward the "positive" end while positively charged molecules move toward the "negative" end. As a particle moves towards the pole opposite of its charge it moves through the changing pH gradient until it reaches a point in which the pH of that molecules isoelectric point is reached. At this point the molecule no longer has a net electric charge (due to the protonation or deprotonation of the associated functional groups) and as such will not proceed any further within the gel. The gradient is established before adding the particles of interest by first subjecting a solution of small molecules such as polyampholytes with varying pI values to electrophoresis. The method is applied particularly often in the study of proteins, which separate based on their relative content of acidic and basic residues, whose value is represented by the pI.	Link
IEP	(see Isoelectric point)
IF  (IFE)	Immunofixation	Immunofixation permits the detection and typing of monoclonal antibodies or immunoglobulins in serum or urine. It is of great importance for the diagnosis and monitoring of certain blood related diseases such as myeloma.
IFB	Invitation for Bid
IFCC	International_Federation_of_Clinical_Chemistry_and_Laboratory_Medicine	The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine or IFCC was founded in 1952 to promote a global vision of Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine worldwide and to be the leading organization in the field. The organization aims to transcent the boundaries of the field of Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine, to build professionalism of members worldwide, to disseminate information on ”best practice” at various levels of technology and of economic development, to provide a forum of standardization and traceability, to enhance the scientific level and the quality of diagnosis and therapy for patients.
IFF	Industry Funding Fee	VA contracts pay a .5% IFF fee
Ig	(see immunoglobulin)(also called an antibody)	There are two types of light chain in humans (as in other mammals),  kappa (κ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin kappa locus (IGK@) on chromosome 2;  lambda (λ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin lambda locus (IGL@) on chromosome 22 There are five types of mammalian immunoglobulin heavy chain: γ, δ, α, μ and ε.  They define classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgD, IgA, IgM and IgE, respectively.  Heavy chains α and γ have approximately 450 amino acids.  Heavy chains μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids
IMERC	Interstate Mercury Education & Reduction Clearinghouse	Starting in 1999 the states in the Northeast and other parts of the country actively began to pursue enactment of legislation focused on reducing mercury in products and waste. In the Northeast these efforts focused on enactment of provisions of the Mercury Education and Reduction Model Legislation. In 2001 the Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association (NEWMOA) launched the Interstate Mercury Education and Reduction Clearinghouse (IMERC) to provide:  •ongoing technical and programmatic assistance to states that have enacted mercury education and reduction legislation •a single point of contact for industry and the public for information on mercury-added products and member states' mercury education and reduction programs   The IMERC state members include California, Connecticut, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington
Immunoelectrophoresis	(IE)	Immunoelectrophoresis is a general name for a number of biochemical methods for separation and characterization of proteins based on electrophoresis and reaction with antibodies. All variants of immunoelectrophoresis require immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies reacting with the proteins to be separated or characterized.
Immunofixation	IF ( IFE)	Immunofixation permits the detection and typing of monoclonal antibodies or immunoglobulins in serum or urine. It is of great importance for the diagnosis and monitoring of certain blood related diseases such as myeloma.
Immunoglobulins: (see also Gammaglobulins, Antibodies)	Heavy Chains	The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large group of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or adhesion processes of cells. Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies); they all possess a domain known as an immunoglobulin domain or fold. Members of the IgSF include cell surface antigen receptors, co-receptors and co-stimulatory molecules of the immune system, molecules involved in antigen presentation to lymphocytes, cell adhesion molecules, certain cytokine receptors and intracellular muscle proteins. They are commonly associated with roles in the immune system. The sperm-specific protein Izumo, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has also been identified as the only sperm membrane protein essential for sperm-egg fusion.	Link
IgG	Immunoglobin-G  (   γ - Gamma)	Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an antibody isotype. It is a protein complex composed of four peptide chains — two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-shape typical of antibody monomers. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Representing approximately 75% of serum immunoglobulins in humans, IgG is the most abundant antibody isotype found in the circulation. IgG molecules are synthesized and secreted by plasma B cells. Immunoglobulin G has gamma heavy chains	IgG
IgA	Immunoglobin-A  ( α - Alpha)	Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody combined; between three and five grams are secreted into the intestinal lumen each day. This accumulates to 75% of the total immunoglobulin produced in the entire body	IgA
IgM	Immunoglobin-M  ( μ - Mu )	IgM has μ mu heavy chains	IgM
IgD	Immunoglobin-D  ( δ  - Delta)	Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody isotype that makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of mature B-lymphocytes where it is usually coexpressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM. IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in very small amounts in blood serum. Secreted IgD is produced as a monomeric antibody with two heavy chains of the delta (δ) class, and two Ig light chains.	IgD
IgE	Immunoglobin-E  (ε  - Epsilon)	Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a class of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) "isotype") that has been found only in mammals. IgE exists as monomers consisting of two heavy chains (ε chain) and two light chains, with the ε chain containing 4 Ig-like constant domains (Cε1-Cε4). IgE's main function is immunity to parasites such as parasitic worms like Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Fasciola hepatica.IgE may also be important during immune defense against certain protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum.	IgE
Immunoglobulins:	Light Chains	The immunoglobulin light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains.
IGK@	Kappa ( κ )	Immunoglobulin kappa locus, also known as IGK@, is a region on human chromosome 2 that contains genes for the kappa (κ) light chains of antibodies (or immunoglobulins). In humans the κ chain is coded for by V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant) genes in this region. These genes undergo V(D)J recombination to generate a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulins. The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion with a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region with an amino acid sequence that is relatively unchanging
IGL@	Lambda ( λ )	Immunoglobulin lambda locus, also known as IGL@, is a region on human chromosome 22 that contains genes for the lambda light chains of antibodies (or immunoglobulins) The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains in immunoglobulins, consisting of an antigen-binding portion with a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region with an amino acid sequence that is relatively unchanging.
Immunosubtraction (see IS)	(Sebia carries a kit called CDT-IS)	Serum and urine protein electrophoresis are used primarily to screen for the presence of monoclonal proteins found in conditions such as myeloma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, and so on. Having demonstrated the presence of an abnormal band (not found in standard testing of IgG, IgA, IgM, K, & L), further testing is required to identify both the immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain types (e.g., IgD & IgE). With conventional agarose gel or cellulose acetate electrophoresis, this secondary testing is either by immunofixation  or immunoelectrophoresis .
Immunoturbidimetry		Immunoturbidimetry measure the turbidity of a sample to determine the level of an analyte. Upon addition of the assay reagent, antibodies and antigen cluster to form an immune complex that precipitates, increasing the turbidity of the sample. When light is passed through the reaction solution, some light is scattered by the sample, some light is absorbed by the sample and the rest passes through the sample. Immunoturbidimetry measures the absorbance of the light by the sample The level of analyte is determined by comparison with a calibrator of known concentration. Immunoturbidimetry is a suitable technique for the determination of urinary proteins in clinical laboratories.
Immunotype		The form of a compound that has separate immunological characteristics
Immunotyping	(IT)	Any of several techniques used to identify immunotypes: a type of reverse immunofixation. Antisera against abnormal immunoglobulins are used to form an AB-AG  complex - which will migrate slower than normal proteins. Interpretation of an abnormal immunoglubulin is achieved by looking for the removal of a monoclonal protein peak.
IPA	Instrument Placement Agreements	Handling Process
IR	Infrared Spectrophotometer
IS	Immunosubtraction  (see also CDT-IS)	It is recommended to use the complementary CAPILLARYS CDT / IS procedure performed with the Tetravalent CDT / IS antiserum, SEBIA, PN 2057, for the sample treatment, especially when the appearance of one or more additional fractions or of a wide fraction before disialotransferrin is observed on the electrophoretic pattern, or when a shift of the electrophoretic pattern invalidates the CDT quantification.
Isoelectric Focusing	(see IEF)	With the FOCUSING option, the agarose gel electrophoresis systems are also equipped with a high-voltage module allowing for isoelectric focusing (IEF) testing to be performed. . IEF is performed on the HYDRASYS Focusing Unit or a standard HYDRASYS with an upgraded power supply.
Isoelectric point		The isoelectric point (pI), sometimes abbreviated to IEP, is the pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge.
Isoenzymes	(also known as Isozyme)	Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as Multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction.
Isotope (see also antibody isotope)		An isotype usually refers to any related proteins/genes from a particular gene family. In immunology, the "immunoglobulin isotype" refers to the genetic variations or differences in the constant regions of the heavy and light chains. In humans, there are five heavy chain isotypes and two light chain isotypes:  heavy chain α - IgA 1, 2  δ - IgD  γ - IgG 1, 2, 3, 4  ε - IgE  μ - IgM   light chain κ  λ	Link
IT	(see Immunotyping)
K-20	Manual agarose system	Hydragel K20 is Sebia's quality line of manual agarose gel electrophoresis products.
L.A.B.	Leasing Associates of Barrington
Labile		The labile fraction of glycated hemoglobin (Schiff base attachment of glucose to HbA or HbA1c)
Landed Cost	Total cost of ownership	Total cost of a product once it has arrived at the buyer’s door. Including the original cost of the item, all logistics fees, complete shipping costs, customs duties, tariffs, taxes, insurance, currency conversion, and handling fees.
LCS	Laboratory Control Sample
LIMS	Laboratory Information Management System
Lipoprotein	LDL, VLDL, HDL, IDL, Chylomicron	A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids, bound to the proteins, which allow fats to move through the water inside and outside cells. The proteins serve to emulsify the lipid (otherwise called fat) molecules. Many enzymes, transporters, structural proteins, antigens, adhesins, and toxins are lipoproteins. Examples include the high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins, which enable fats to be carried in the blood stream, the transmembrane proteins of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, and bacterial lipoproteins
LIS	Lab Information System (see also LIMS and LMS)	A laboratory information management system (LIMS), sometimes referred to as a laboratory information system (LIS) or laboratory management system (LMS), is a software-based laboratory and information management system that offers a set of key features that support a modern laboratory's operations. Those key features include — but are not limited to — workflow and data tracking support, flexible architecture, and smart data exchange interfaces, which fully "support its use in regulated environments."  The features and uses of a LIMS have evolved over the years from simple sample tracking to an enterprise resource planning tool that manages multiple aspects of laboratory informatics
LOINC	Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®).	A universal code system for identifying laboratory and clinical observations. From serum levels of hepatitis B surface antigen to diastolic blood pressure, LOINC has standardized terms for all kinds of observations and measurements that enable exchange and aggregation of electronic health data from many independent systems
LUFT	Leaking Underground Fuel Tank
Lymphocyte		A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.   Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells (NK cells). Small lymphocytes consist of T cells and B cells.
Lysis		(to burst) as in hemo-lysis ("blood"-"burst")
M	Modified
Masks:
MB	Method Blank
MCL	Maximum Contaminant Level is the highest permissible concentration of a substance allowed in drinking water as established by the USEPA.
MDL	Method Detection Limit
MDS	Manufacturer Disclosure Statement for Medical Device Security
Media	Types of gel for electrophoresis	Agarose, Polyacrylamide, Partially hydrolysed potato starch
mg/kg	Milligrams per Kilogram (same as ppm)
mg/L	Milligrams per Liter (same as ppm)
Microcytic	MCV    (see also Hypochromic)	Microcytic anemia (BrE: anaemia) is a generic term for any type of anemia characterized by small red blood cells. The normal mean corpuscular volume (abbreviated to MCV on full blood count results) is 76-100 fL, with smaller cells (<76 fL) described as microcytic and larger cells (>100 fL) as macrocytic.  The thalassemias are a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by defects in the protein portions of the hemoglobin molecule. The thalassemias, including alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia, cause a microcytic hypochromic anemia. The alpha thalassemias most commonly occur in people of Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian or Filipino ancestry, reports the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Beta thalassemias prove most common in people of Mediterranean, African or Asian ancestry. The severity of anemia associated with the thalassemias varies, depending on the number of defective genes inherited.
MicroLiter	μL	μL = microliter, mL=mililiter, L=Liter
MM	Multiple Myeloma	Multiple myeloma (from Greek myelo-, bone marrow), also known as plasma cell myeloma or Kahler's disease (after Otto Kahler), is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for producing antibodies.[1] In multiple myeloma, collections of abnormal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, where they interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Most cases of myeloma also feature the production of a paraprotein—an abnormal antibody which can cause kidney problems. Bone lesions and hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) are also often encountered
Monoclonal Band		A paraprotein is a monoclonal immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin light chain in the blood or urine resulting from a clonal proliferation of plasma cells or B-lymphocytes (synonyms: M-band, monoclonal band, monoclonal spike, monoclonal protein). It may consist of whole immunoglobulin, or only the light chain: in the latter case, most
Monoclonal Gammopathy	(synonym for Paraproteinemia)	Paraproteinemia, or monoclonal gammopathy, is the presence of excessive amounts of a single monoclonal gammaglobulin (in this case denominated "paraprotein") in the blood. It is usually due to an underlying immunoproliferative disorder.  It is sometimes considered equivalent to plasma cell dyscrasia Monoclonal gammopathy is a synonym for paraproteinemia. These are usually found in association with haemic neoplasms, especially multiple myeloma. They also occur in other benign and malignant conditions.
Monoclonal Proteins	(also M-Protein)	An antibody or part of an antibody found in unusually large amounts in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma and other types of plasma cell tumors. Also called M protein.; Monoclonal proteins are most often produced by plasma cells in the bone marrow becoming cancerous and producing many copies (that is, "clones") of one particular immune protein.  That’s excreted in the urine, causing an elevated monoclonal protein count.
MPA	Master Purchase Agreement
MPN	Most Probable Number
MRL	Method Reporting Limit
MS	Mass Spectrometry	(MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds. MS works by ionizing chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or molecule fragments and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios.[
MS	Matrix Spike
MSDS	Material Safety Data Sheets - on Extranet
MSNA (ANSM)	Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament	National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (MSNA), to replace its current regulatory agency, Afssaps.
MUR	Methods Update Rule
NA	Not Applicable
NaF	Sodium fluoride	Sodium fluoride is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaF. A colorless solid, it is a source of the fluoride ion in diverse applications. Sodium fluoride is less expensive and less hygroscopic than the related salt potassium fluoride.
NAICS	North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)	Sebia's:  325413 & 334516
NAN	Not Analyzed
NAS	National Academy of Sciences
NC	Not Calculated
NCASI	National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (for the paper industry)
NCCI	National Correct Coding Initiative	National Correct Coding Initiative for Medicare Services
NCI	National Cancer Institute
ND	Not Detected (at or above MRL)
NDA	Non-disclosure Agreement
NEONAT Hb FAST		The CAPILLARYS 2 NEONAT FAST system allows for fully automated hemoglobin newborn screening from dried blood spot samples by capillary electrophoresis. Sebia’s hemoglobin newborn screening assay is designed to separate normal hemoglobins (F and A) in the newborn and detect hemoglobin variants such as S, C, E, D and Bart’s.
Nephron		Nephron ( nephros, meaning "kidney") is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone. In humans, a normal kidney contains 800,000 to 1.5 million nephrons
Nephrotic Pattern		Nephrotic syndrome is a nonspecific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein  (proteinuria at least 3.5 grams per day per 1.73m2 body surface area)  from the blood into the urine.  Kidneys affected by nephrotic syndrome have small pores in the podocytes, large enough to permit proteinuria (and subsequently hypoalbuminemia, because some of the protein albumin has gone from the blood to the urine) but not large enough to allow cells through (hence no hematuria). By contrast, in nephritic syndrome RBCs pass through the pores, causing hematuria.
NEQAS (also UK NEQAS)	United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service	UK NEQAS facilitates optimal patient care by providing a comprehensive external quality assessment service in laboratory medicine.  Through education and the promotion of best practice, it helps ensure that the results of investigations are reliable and comparable wherever they are produced.
NGSP	National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program	The purpose of the NGSP is to standardize Hemoglobin A1c test results to those of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) which established the direct relationships between HbA1c levels and outcome risks in patients with diabetes.
NICE	National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence	NICE is a Special Health Authority - an Arms Length Body funded by the Department of Health. The Health and Social Care Act 2011 sets out plans for NICE to become a Non Departmental Public Body from 1 April 2013, and for our remit to expand so that we will produce quality standards for the social care sector.
NIH	National Institute of Health
NIOSH	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIST	National Institute of Standards and Technology
NPD	Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector
NPDES	National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NSF	National Science Foundation
NTIS	National Technical Information System
NTP	National Toxicology Program
Nullizygous		A nullizygous organism carries two mutant alleles for the same gene. The mutant alleles are both complete loss-of-function or 'null' alleles, so homozygous null and nullizygous are synonymous.  The mutant cell or organism is called a nullizygote.
OD	Optical Density
OIG	Office of the Inspector General	Responsible for performing internal audits, investigations, and reviews of the employees, programs, and activities of the Department of State. Reports directly to the Florida Secretary of State. Purchasing rebates of this program are usually .25%
OL	Operating Lease Agreement (OLA)	A contract that allows for the use of an asset, but does not convey rights of ownership of the asset. An operating lease is not capitalized; it is accounted for as a rental expense in what is known as "off balance sheet financing." For the lessor, the asset being leased is accounted for as an asset and is depreciated as such. Operating leases have tax incentives and do not result in assets or liabilities being recorded on the lessee's balance sheet, which can improve the lessee's financial ratios.  There are two primary types of leases: capital and operating. Capital leases are non-cancelable, and must meet at least one of the following requirements: the lease transfers ownership of the asset, the lease contains a bargain purchase option, the duration of the lease is 75% or more of the asset's expected economic life and/or the lease is worth at least 90% of the asset's value. An operating lease is one that meets none of the criteria. ($1 buyout at term end)
OLA	Operating Lease Agreement	A contract that allows for the use of an asset, but does not convey rights of ownership of the asset. An operating lease is not capitalized; it is accounted for as a rental expense in what is known as "off balance sheet financing." For the lessor, the asset being leased is accounted for as an asset and is depreciated as such. Operating leases have tax incentives and do not result in assets or liabilities being recorded on the lessee's balance sheet, which can improve the lessee's financial ratios.  There are two primary types of leases: capital and operating. Capital leases are non-cancelable, and must meet at least one of the following requirements: the lease transfers ownership of the asset, the lease contains a bargain purchase option, the duration of the lease is 75% or more of the asset's expected economic life and/or the lease is worth at least 90% of the asset's value. An operating lease is one that meets none of the criteria
OLAP	Online Analytical Processing  application
Oligoclonal bands		Oligoclonal bands are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, gained from blood plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed.  Two methods of analysis are possible: (a) protein electrophoresis, a method of analyzing the composition of fluids, also known as "agarose gel electrophoresis/Coomassie Blue staining", and (b) the combination of isoelectric focusing/silver staining.  For the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, a patient has a lumbar puncture performed, which removes some of his cerebrospinal fluid.  Each of the two to five oligoclonal bands seen by protein electrophoresis represent proteins (or protein fragments) secreted by plasma cells, although why exactly these bands are present, and which proteins these bands represent, has not yet been elucidated.
Oligoclonal bands	two to five oligoclonal bands seen by protein electrophoresis	Oligoclonal bands are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, gained from blood plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed. Two methods of analysis are possible: (a) protein electrophoresis, a method of analyzing the composition of fluids, also known as "agarose gel electrophoresis/Coomassie Blue staining", and (b) the combination of isoelectric focusing/silver staining. The latter is more sensitive Each of the two to five oligoclonal bands seen by protein electrophoresis represent proteins (or protein fragments) secreted by plasma cells, although why exactly these bands are present, and which proteins these bands represent, has not yet been elucidated. Oligoclonal bands are also found in:  Multiple sclerosis,  Lyme Disease,  Devic's disease,  Systemic lupus erythematosus, Neurosarcoidosis,  Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis,  Subarachnoid hemorrhage,  Syphilis,  Primary central nervous system lymphoma,  Sjögren's Syndrome,  Guillain-Barre Syndrome	Link
Oligoclonal Gammopathy		Oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands are frequently seen in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with a variety of neurological conditions, especially in patients with multiple sclerosis when the fluids are analyzed by isoelectric focusing. Oligoclonal bands are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, gained from blood plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed.   Two methods of analysis are possible: (a) protein electrophoresis, a method of analyzing the composition of fluids, also known as "agarose gel electrophoresis/Coomassie Blue staining", and (b) the combination of isoelectric focusing/silver staining. The latter is more sensitive.   For the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, a patient has a lumbar puncture performed, which removes some of his cerebrospinal fluid.   Each of the two to five oligoclonal bands seen by protein electrophoresis represent proteins (or protein fragments) secreted by plasma cells, although why exactly these bands are present, and which proteins these bands represent, has not yet been elucidated.
Oncology		Oncology, meaning bulk, mass, or tumor, is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.
Operating Lease Agreement	OL (OLA)
ORB	Original Record Book (aka raw data books)
Order Types: Sebia Equipment
OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PAG (also PAGE)	Polyacrylamide gel (electrophoresis)	Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used for separating proteins ranging in size from 5 to 2,000 kDa due to the uniform pore size provided by the polyacrylamide gel. Pore size is controlled by controlling the concentrations of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide powder used in creating a gel. Care must be used when creating this type of gel, as acrylamide is a potent neurotoxin in its liquid and powdered form.
Paraproteinemia	(See Monoclonal gammopathy)
PCBs	Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PCR	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)	Amplification of DNA Samples: Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a process by which small samples of DNA are made larger, or amplified. By using PCR, labs are able to create larger batches of DNA from small samples for easier analysis.
PE	Performance Evaluation sample
Peltier Device		A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current. Such an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler (TEC). They can be used either for heating or for cooling (refrigeration), although in practice the main application is cooling. It can also be used as a temperature controller that either heats or cools.[1]
Pentavalent
Peptidase		(see Protease)	Link
Peptides		Peptides  are short polymers of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds, the covalent chemical bonds formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule. Peptides are distinguished from proteins on the basis of size, typically containing fewer than 50 monomer units. The shortest peptides are dipeptides, consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond. There are also tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc.
Peroxidase		Peroxidases are a large family of enzymes that typically catalyze a reaction of the form:  ROOR' + electron donor (2 e-) + 2H+ → ROH + R'OH For many of these enzymes the optimal substrate is hydrogen peroxide, but others are more active with organic hydroperoxides such as lipid peroxides. Peroxidases can contain a heme cofactor in their active sites, or alternately redox-active cysteine or selenocysteine residues	Link
pH	P = power or potential H = hydrogen	In chemistry, pH is a measure of the activity of the (solvated) hydrogen ion. p[H], which measures the hydrogen ion concentration is closely related to, and is often written as, pH.  Pure water has a pH very close to 7 at 25°C. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline
PHENOTYPE		The observable traits or characteristics, in regards to presence or absence of a disease. Phenotypic traits are not necessarily genetic. A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, phenology, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest). Phenotypes result from the expression of an organism's genes as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two.   The genotype of an organism is the inherited instructions it carries within its genetic code. Not all organisms with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and developmental conditions. Likewise, not all organisms that look alike necessarily have the same genotype.   This genotype-phenotype distinction was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism's heredity and what that heredity produces. The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann, who distinguished between germ plasm (heredity) and somatic cells (the body). The Genotype-Phenotype concept should not be confused with Francis Crick's central dogma of molecular biology, which is a statement about the directionality of molecular sequential information flowing from DNA to protein, and not the reverse.	Link
Phoresis
Phoresis		Multi-Functional, Proprietary Software for User-Friendly Operator Interaction (Sebia)
Pi	Protease Inhibitor	In biology and biochemistry, protease inhibitors are molecules that inhibit the function of proteases. Many naturally occurring protease inhibitors are proteins.   In medicine, protease inhibitor is often used interchangeably with alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT, which is abbreviated PI for this reason).A1AT is the protease inhibitor most often involved in disease, namely in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Protease inhibitors may be classified either by the type of protease they inhibit, or by their mechanism of action. In 2004 Rawlings and colleagues introduced a classification of protease inhibitors based on similarities detectable at the level of amino acid sequence.  This classification initially identified 48 families of inhibitors that could be grouped into 26 related superfamily (or clans) by their structure. According to the MEROPS database there are now 85 families of inhibitors. These families are named with an I followed by a number, for example, I14 contains hirudin-like inhibitors.	Link
PID	Photoionization Dectector
POA	Point of Application
Polyclonal antibodies		The immune response to an antigen generally involves the activation of multiple B-cells all of which target a specific epitope on that antigen. As a result a large number of antibodies are produced with different specificities and epitope affinities these are known as polyclonal antibodies.
polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia		High levels of immunoglobulins (hypergammaglobulinemia) can be monoclonal (specific) - due to malignant proliferation of plasma cells or lymphocytes as in myeloma or Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Polyclonal (many types) hypergammaglobulinemia is a benign condition due to infection, inflammation causing non-specific gamma globulin production such as in hepatitis, immune and allergic disorders.
polyclonal hypogammaglobulinemia		Hypogammaglobulinemia refers to a set of clinicolaboratory entities with varied causes and manifestations. Several codes in the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9) relate to disorders in which hypogammaglobulinemia is a primary feature. These include deficiencies of humoral immunity, which is coded 279.0. The common clinical feature of hypogammaglobulinemia relates to a predisposition toward infections that normally are defended against by antibody responses. These include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae infections, which frequently involve the respiratory tract.
Polyhapten		Hapten: a small separable part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody but is incapable of stimulating antibody production except in combination with a carrier protein molecule
Polypeptide Chains		A polypeptide is a long, continuous, and unbranched peptide. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides arranged in a biologically functional way and are often bound to cofactors, or other proteins. The size boundaries that distinguish peptides, polypeptides, and proteins are arbitrary. Long peptides such as amyloid beta can be considered proteins, where as small proteins such as insulin can be considered peptides.
Post-renal proteinuria		This is due to hemorrhage or inflammation in the urinary tract (ureter, bladder, urethra) or in the reproductive tract that causes protein (in the serum that accompanies inflammation or hemorrhage) to enter the urine once it has been formed and entered the renal pelvis.
ppb	Parts Per Billion
ppm	Parts Per Million
PQL	Practical Quantitation Limit
Protease  (see also Serine Protease)		A protease (also termed peptidase or proteinase) is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain forming the protein. Proteases are currently classified into six broad groups:  Serine proteases  Threonine proteases  Cysteine proteases  Aspartate proteases  Metalloproteases	Link
Protein		Proteins are large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in folding of the protein into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.   A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine.	link
Protein 6	CAPILLARYSTM Protein 6 Assay - serum	Designed for the separation of serum proteins in alkaline buffer on Sebia's capillary electrophoresis instrument — CAPILLARYS™ 2. A high voltage protein separation is performed and direct protein detection takes place at 200 nm. Normal major proteins separate into six fractions — albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2 and gamma globulins. The resulting pattern can be delimited into either five or six protein fractions. Since it is not uncommon for monoclonal proteins to migrate in the beta region of a pattern, higher resolution of this fraction is ideal and better facilitates the identification of a monoclonal protein. The CAPILLARYS™ Protein 6 assay allows for no  triglyceride interference – more reproducible alpha-1 fraction results. Can also be used for Immunotyping as well.
Proteinase		(see Protease)	Link
Proteinuria		Proteinuria:( from protein and urine) means the presence of an excess of serum proteins in the urine. The excess protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy, although foamy urine may also be caused by bilirubin in the urine (bilirubinuria),retrograde ejaculation,pneumaturia (air bubbles in the urine) due to a fistula,or drugs such as pyridium.   Up to 150 mg a day of protein may be excreted by a normal person, primarily the Tamm-Horsfall protein.
PSE	Pressurized Solvent Extraction
QA	Quality Assurance
QC	Quality Control
QRG	Quick Reference Guide	See multiple QRGs in Sharepoint
Qualitative		Deals with descriptions. Data can be observed but not measured
Quantitative		Deals with numbers. Data which can be measured. Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
RAS	Routine Analytical Services (contracts through USEPA)
RBC	Red Blood Cell
RCRA	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Reagents	(see also Antisera) Sebia's have a 24 month shelf life	a "substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction, or added to see if a reaction occurs. (AS or antisera) Sebia kits contain antisera specific against gamma (IgG), alpha (IgA) and mu (IgM) heavy chains, and kappa and lambda (free and bound) light chains.
RFLP	Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism	Restriction fragment length polymorphism, or RFLP, is a technique for preparing a DNA sample for analysis through electrophoresis.
RFP	Request for Proposal
Rheumatology		Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Clinicians who specialize in rheumatology are called rheumatologists. Rheumatologists deal mainly with clinical problems involving joints, soft tissues, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, and heritable connective tissue disorders.  Many of these diseases are now known to be disorders of the autoimmune system, and rheumatology is increasingly the study of immunology.
RNA	Ribonucleic acid	Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a ubiquitous family of large biological molecules that performs multiple vital roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. Together with DNA, RNA comprises the nucleic acids, which, along with proteins, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but is usually single-stranded. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (often notated using the letters G, A, U, and C for the nucleotides guanine, adenine, uracil and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins, while many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.
RPD	Relative Percent Difference
RR	Reagent Rental	Rental Only
SAS	Special Analytical Services (contracts through USEPA)
SBA Number	U.S Small Business Administration (See DUNS)	The SBA number no longer exists. If you are completing forms (e.g. Forms 1010 and 1450) that asks for a SBA number enter the DUNS  number instead. If you have questions about using your DUNS number instead of your SBA customer number, please contact the SBA at BDMIS@sba.gov.
Scientific Definitions	List of science terms for Electrophoresis
SCMS	Self Consistent Mobility Surface
SDS-Page	Sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresiws	SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis: Sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins based on size. The proteins are unfolded, or denatured, using SDS detergent, and run on a polyacrylamide gel
Serine Protease		Serine proteases (or serine endopeptidases) are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins, in which serine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the (enzyme's) active site. They are found ubiquitously in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Serine proteases fall into two broad categories based on their structure: chymotrypsin-like (trypsin-like) or subtilisin-like. In humans, they are responsible for co-ordinating various physiological functions, including digestion, immune response, blood coagulation and reproduction	Link
Serum		In blood, the serum  is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma with the fibrinogens removed. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs and microorganisms).  The study of serum is serology, and may also include proteomics. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests, as well as in blood typing.  Blood is centrifuged to remove cellular components. Anti-coagulated blood yields plasma containing fibrinogen and clotting factors. Coagulated blood (clotted blood) yields serum without fibrinogen, although some clotting factors remain.  Serum is an essential factor for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells in combination with the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor.
SFLCA	Serum Free Light Chain Assays	Evaluation of these assays for their sensitivity and benefits in the diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies have been performed at many major myeloma centers, including the Mayo Clinic, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Boston University, and the University of Arkansas
Sickle Cell	(SCD-sickle cell disease) ( SCA-sickle cell anemia)	Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia (or anemia) (SCA) or drepanocytosis, is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with overdominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Sickle-cell anaemia is also referred to as "HbSS", "SS disease", "haemoglobin S" or permutations thereof. In heterozygous people, who have only one sickle gene and one normal adult haemoglobin gene, it is referred to as "HbAS" or "sickle cell trait". Other, rarer forms of sickle-cell disease include sickle-haemoglobin C disease (HbSC), sickle beta-plus-thalassaemia (HbS/β+) and sickle beta-zero-thalassaemia (HbS/β0).   Sickle-cell disease occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions where malaria is or was common. In areas where malaria is common, there is a fitness benefit in carrying only a single sickle-cell gene (sickle cell trait). Those with only one of the two alleles of the sickle-cell disease, while not totally resistant, are more tolerant to the infection and thus show less severe symptoms when infected.
SIE	Selective Ion Electrode
SIM	Selected Ion Monitoring
SMO	Sample Management Office (aka Sample Receiving)
SOC	Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds
SOQ	Statement of Qualifications
SPE (SPEP) (and types)	Serum Protein Electrophoresis	Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE) is a laboratory technique used for the qualitative detection and identification of monoclonal proteins, to aid in the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathies.  Immunofixation (IFE) is a quantitative laboratory method used to determine immunoglobulin levels, and it is usually requested when SPE results have indicated an increase in the immunoglobulin level. Serum protein components can be broken down into five major fractions by size and electrical charge: serum albumin, alpha-1 globulins, alpha-2 globulins, beta globulins, and gamma globulins.
Serume albumin	(see albumin)	Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin is a globular protein that in humans is encoded by the ALB gene.  Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the oncotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues. It also acts as a plasma carrier by non-specifically binding several hydrophobic steroid hormones and as a transport protein for hemin and fatty acids. Too much serum albumin in the body can be harmful.
Alpha-1 globulins		α1-antitrypsin,  Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin,  Orosomucoid (acid glycoprotein),  Serum amyloid A,  Alpha 1-lipoprotein
Alpha-2 globulins		Haptoglobin,  Alpha-2u globulin,  α2-macroglobulin,  Ceruloplasmin,  Thyroxine-binding globulin,  Alpha 2-antiplasmin,  Protein C,  Alpha 2-lipoprotein,  Angiotensinogen
Beta-globulins		beta-2 microglobulin,  plasminogen,  angiostatins,  properdin,  sex hormone-binding globulin,  transferrin
Gamma-globulins	(See Immunoglobulins)	Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins ("Igs"), a subclass of which are antibodies, although some Igs are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not Igs.
Stain		Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 , silver stain, Amido black, Hungarian Red, Acid Violet, acid yellow, Leoco Crystal violet, Sudan black Following electrophoresis, the gel may be stained (most commonly with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 or silver stain), allowing visualization of the separated proteins, or processed further (e.g. Western blot). After staining, different proteins will appear as distinct bands within the gel. It is common to run molecular weight size markers of known molecular weight in a separate lane in the gel, in order to calibrate the gel and determine the approximate molecular mass of unknown proteins by comparing the distance travelled relative to the marker.
Supernatant		the usually clear liquid overlying material deposited by settling, precipitation, or centrifugation (clot or plasma) When discussing blood, it is the part of blood that floats to the surface of unmixed or settled blood samples
SVOAs	Semi-Volatile Organic Analytes
SVOCs	Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds
SW-846	Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods
SWOT	Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats	SWOT analysis (alternately SWOT Matrix) is a structured planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture.
TAT	Turn Around Time
Tau Fraction	a desialized form of transferrin, absent in serum	the tau fraction (a desialized form of transferrin, absent in serum) is found in an extra band in the electrophoretic patterns of cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor
T-Cell		T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus. There are several subsets of T cells, each with a distinct function
T-Cell Receptor		The T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes (or T cells)[1] that is responsible for recognizing antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding between TCR and antigen is of relatively low affinity and is degenerate: that is, many TCR recognize the same antigen and many antigens are recognized by the same TCR.   The TCR is composed of two different protein chains (that is, it is a heterodimer). In 95% of T cells, this consists of an alpha (α) and beta (β) chain, whereas in 5% of T cells this consists of gamma and delta (γ/δ) chains.   When the TCR engages with antigen and MHC, the T lymphocyte is activated through a series of biochemical events mediated by associated enzymes, co-receptors, specialized accessory molecules, and activated or released transcription factors	Link
Tech Trans	TechTrans	(see main link for locations, equipment etc.) All demo instrumentation will be assigned to four TechTrans hubs Far West - Los Angeles Central West – Kansas City South East- Atlanta North East – Philadelphia	Equipment stored for demos
Thalassemia		Thalassemia  are forms of inherited autosomal recessive blood disorders that originated in the Mediterranean region. In thalassemia, the disease is caused by the weakening and destruction of red blood cells. Thalassemia is caused by variant or missing genes that affect how the body makes hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. People with thalassemia make less hemoglobin and fewer circulating red blood cells than normal, which results in mild or severe anemia
TIC	Tentatively Identified Compound
TIN	Tax Identification Number  (Sebia's is 58-2350735 )	A Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) is an identification number used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the administration of tax laws. It is issued either by the Social Security Administration (SSA) or by the IRS. A Social Security number (SSN) is issued by the SSA whereas all other TINs are issued by the IRS.
TM	Territory Manager	(See List)
TOC	Total Organic Carbon (test to determine organic content)
TOX	Total Organic Halides (test to determine organic halide content)
TPH	Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
TPS	Technical Product Specialist	(See list)
tr	Trace level in the concentration of an analyte that is less than the PQL but greater than or equal to the MDL
Transferrin		Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron in biological fluids. Human transferrin is encoded by the TF gene.
TSCA	Toxic Substances Control Act
TSH	Thyroid-stimulating hormone	Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body. It is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland
TSS	Total Suspended Solids
Tubulin		Tubulin is one of several members of a small family of globular proteins. The most common members of the tubulin family are α-tubulin and β-tubulin, the proteins that make up microtubules. Each has a molecular weight of approximately 55 kiloDaltons. Microtubules are assembled from dimers of α- and β-tubulin. These subunits are slightly acidic with an isoelectric point between 5.2 and 5.8.   Tubulin was long thought to be specific to eukaryotes. Recently, however, the prokaryotic cell division protein FtsZ was shown to be related to tubulin
UAP	User Access Program	Purchasing rebate program set up by Miami Dade. (see list) The User Access Program (UAP) allows for a two percent (2%) discount on prices, collected through a deduction on vendor invoice	additional link
ug/L	Micrograms per liter (same as ppb)
μL	MicroLiter
UNITS
Units of Measure	(see charts)
URE (UPEP)	urine protein electrophoresis	The main reason for performing urine protein electrophoresis is to find a light chain myeloma producing an excess of free light chains (Bence Jones protein), an important part of a myeloma screen
Urine Concentrators		The concentrators are called “20mL” but they use 50cc conical containers as the body. So the centrifuge buckets need to have wells with a larger radius for these bigger tubes vs. the normal size tube buckets. The Vivascience Vivaspin 20 concentrator is a disposable ultrafiltration device for use in swing bucket or fixed angle rotors accommodating 50 ml tubes. Concentrate urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or plasma to intensify proteins indicating abnormal or pathological states (e.g., Bence Jones proteins in urine), for analysis by electrophoresis or immunoelectrophoresis).
UST	Underground Storage Tank
UV	Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer
VA	Veterens Administration
VOA	Volatile Organic Analyte
VOC	Volatile Organic Compounds
W-9	standard w-9 form	As requested by vendor (who sends to requestor?? Us or Accounting)
WP	Water Pollution
WS	Water Supply
ZPP	Zinc Protoporphyrin	Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is a compound found in red blood cells when heme production is inhibited by lead and/or by lack of iron. [1] Instead of incorporating a ferrous ion, to form heme, protoporphyrin IX, the immediate precursor of heme, incorporates a zinc ion, forming ZPP. The reaction to insert a ferrous ion into protoporphyrin IX is catalyzed by the enzyme ferrochelatase.